Comparative proteomic analysis of Orobanche and Phelipanche species inferred from seed proteins

Orobanche and Phelipanche species are root parasitic plants some of which infect important crops, causing extensive damage. In an attempt to unravel molecular systematic in these genera using protein markers, we established the protein profile of twelve species by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Proteins were detected by Sypro Ruby staining and the gel images were digitalised and analysed. The 2-DE maps contained from 30 to 140 protein spots for the analysed species. A virtual master gel was built with spots present in all species and revealing the presence of 260 protein spots. Only one protein was monomorphic, while 143 were unique to a single species. Proteins were scored for the presence or absence of homologous spots to create a binary matrix. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using maximum parsimony and distance method. The trees obtained were rooted using Cistanche phelypaea as an out-group. Both analyses showed Orobanche as a monophyletic group. AMOVA analysis revealed phenotypic diversity between species within genera, as well as a considerable level of variation between genera. This is a first step to help in the phylogenetic classification of parasitic plants by means of proteomics.     

口服急性毒性试验中Cry1C蛋白对鼠肠道菌群的影响

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析不同ICR(institute of cancer researcch)小鼠在口服急性毒性试验中摄入Cry1C蛋白前后其肠道菌群的变化,进而对该抗虫蛋白的食用安全性进行较为深入的研究.DGGE图谱经UPGAMA聚类分析显示:小鼠间菌群结构存在较明显的个体差异;实验期间,对照组小鼠灌胃前后其菌群基本保持稳定;实验组小鼠试验前后肠道菌群变化差异较对照组明显.随着灌胃的停止其变化差异在经历过高峰后会随着停喂时间的延长而减小,且菌相有逐渐恢复灌胃前结构的趋势.从肠道菌相的角度分析可知:该抗虫Cry1C蛋白对小鼠是基本安全的.     

Concurrent multiple myeloma and mast cell neoplasia in a 13‐year‐old castrated male Maine Coon cat

A 13‐year‐old, castrated male Maine Coon cat was presented to Oklahoma State University Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for yearly echocardiographic examination monitoring hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) diagnosed in 2003. Physical examination revealed a heart murmur and premature beats, likely related to HCM, but was otherwise unremarkable. A biochemistry profile revealed a hyperglobulinemia (6.3 g/dL). Cytologic examination of fine‐needle aspirates from liver and spleen revealed increased numbers of plasma cells and mast cells, confirmed with subsequent histologic examination. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for c‐kit in the spleen and liver showed mast cells predominantly exhibiting type I staining pattern, with moderate numbers exhibiting type II pattern in spleen, and scattered cells exhibiting type II and III patterns in liver. Bone marrow cytology and core biopsy documented approximately 22% plasma cells. Cutaneous masses on the cat's left shoulder and right carpus were cytologically confirmed mast cell tumors. Serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation confirmed an IgG monoclonal gammopathy. This is an example of 2 hematologic neoplasms occurring simultaneously in a cat. Concurrent pathologies may be overlooked if a single disease is diagnosed and suspected of causing all clinical signs. Both neoplasms were well differentiated, and neoplastic cells could have easily been interpreted as a reactive population had a full workup not been performed. Missing either diagnosis could result in a potentially lethal outcome. Eleven months after diagnoses, the cat was clinically doing well following a splenectomy and oral prednisolone and chlorambucil chemotherapy. Globulins decreased to 4.9 g/dL.     

Effect of allelic variation at the Glu-3/Gli-1 loci on breadmaking quality parameters in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) encoded by the Glu-3 loci are known to contribute to wheat breadmaking quality. However, the specific effect of individual Glu-3 alleles is not well understood due to their complex protein banding patterns in SDS-PAGE and tight linkage with gliadins at the Gli-1 locus. Using DNA markers and a backcross program, we developed a set of nine near isogenic lines (NILs) including different Glu-A3/Gli-A1 or Glu-B3/Gli-B1 alleles in the genetic background of the Argentine variety ProINTA Imperial. The nine NILs and the control were evaluated in three different field trials in Argentina. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions were detected for most quality parameters indicating that the effects of the Glu-3/Gli-1 alleles are modulated by environmental differences. None of the NILs showed differences in total flour protein content, but relative changes in the abundance of particular classes of proteins cannot be ruled out. On average, the Glu-A3f, Glu-B3b, Glu-B3g and Glu-B3i_Man alleles were associated with the highest values in gluten strength-related parameters, while Glu-A3e, Glu-B3a and Glu-B3i_Chu were consistently associated with weak gluten and low quality values. The value of different Glu-3/Gli-1 allele combinations to improve breadmaking quality is discussed.     

甜菜DAMD引物的筛选及不同凝胶系统对扩增产物多态性的影响

为了筛选适宜于甜菜品种纯度鉴定的DAMD引物,笔者利用12 个不同的甜菜品种分别对26 条DAMD引物进行扩增,并分别采用6%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和2%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳对扩增产物进行检测。结果表明,从26 条DAMD引物中筛选出16 条扩增清晰的引物,这16 条引物共扩增出139 条带,其中多态性条带为122 条,多态性百分比为87.7%,这16 条引物可以作为甜菜品种纯度和真实性鉴定的核心引物,同时发现聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳与琼脂糖凝胶电泳的检测结果差异不大,而琼脂糖凝胶具有制作方便、检测简单以及不使用任何有毒药剂等优点,推荐甜菜DAMD扩增产物的检测使用琼脂糖凝胶电泳。     

Microbial composition and diversity of an upland red soil under long-term fertilization treatments as revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Background, aim, and scope  Fertilization is an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability, it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shifts of soil microorganisms, which control the cycling of many nutrients in the soil. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the soil bacterial and fungal quantities and community structure under seven fertilization treatments, including Control, Manure, Return (harvested peanut straw was returned to the plot), and chemical fertilizers of NPK, NP, NK, and PK. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on soil microbial composition and diversity of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer regimes in a Chinese upland red soil. Materials and methods  Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment station at Yingtan (28°15′N, 116°55′E), Jiangxi Province of China. The soil samples (0–20 cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined as colony forming units (CFUs) and selected colonies were identified on agar plates by dilution plate methods. Moreover, soil DNAs were extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were polymerase chain reaction amplified, and then analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing. Results  The organic fertilizers, especially manure, induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs, but the highest bacterial diversity ascertained by DGGE banding patterns. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, had less effect on the bacterial composition and diversity, with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. For the fungal community, the manure treatment had the largest CFUs but much fewer DGGE bands, also with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. The conventional identification of representative bacterial and fungal genera showed that long-term fertilization treatments resulted in differences in soil microbial composition and diversity. In particular, 42.4% of the identified bacterial isolates were classified into members of Arthrobacter. For fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor were the most prevalent three genera, which accounted for 46.6% of the total identified fungi. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Discussion  It was evident that more representative fungal genera appeared in organic treatments than other treatments, indicating that culturable fungi were more sensitive to organic than to chemical fertilizers. A very notable finding was that fungal CFUs appeared maximal in organic manure treatments. This was quite different from the bacterial CFUs in the manure, indicating that bacteria and fungi responded differently to the fertilization. Similar to bacteria, the minimum fungal CFUs were also observed in the NK treatment. This result provided evidence that phosphorus could be a key factor for microorganisms in the soil. Thus, despite the fact that culture-dependent techniques are not ideal for studies of the composition of natural microbial communities when used alone, they provide one of the more useful means of understanding the growth habit, development, and potential function of microorganisms from soil habitats. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches is likely to reveal more complete information regarding the composition of soil microbial communities. Conclusions  Long-term fertilization had great effects on the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Organic fertilizer applications induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs but the highest bacterial diversity, while chemical fertilizer applications had less impact on soil bacterial community. The largest fungal CFUs were obtained, but much lower diversity was detected in the manure treatment. The lowest bacterial and also fungal CFUs were observed in the NK treatment. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Phosphorus fertilizer could be considered as a key factor to control the microbial CFUs and diversity in this Chinese upland red soil. Recommendations and perspectives  Soil fungi seem to be a more sensitive indicator of soil fertility than soil bacteria. Since the major limitation of molecular methods in soil microbial studies is the lack of discrimination between the living and dead, or active and dormant microorganisms, both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods should be used to appropriately characterize soil microbial diversity.     

柑橘品种鉴定的SSR标记开发和指纹图谱库构建

【目的】筛选出一套SSR核心引物,用于构建柑橘品种的DNA指纹图谱库,为柑橘种苗认证、品种登记和植物新品种保护提供技术支撑。【方法】以柑橘属8个主要栽培种类为试材进行PCR扩增,扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,筛选出多态性丰富、扩增条带稳定的引物对部分参试品种进行PCR扩增,扩增产物通过变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行进一步的引物筛选;筛选得到的引物进行荧光标记,并选用部分柑橘品种进行PCR扩增,扩增产物利用基因分析仪检测,分别计算各引物的PIC值、等位基因数目,选取一套多态性丰富的适合进行荧光毛细管电泳检测的SSR引物组合,进而对所有参试品种进行分析,构建柑橘品种的DNA指纹图谱库,同时利用筛选的SSR标记对参试品种进行鉴定。【结果】初期以柑橘属8个种的代表品种(太田椪柑、沙田柚、沅江酸橙、大红甜橙、邓肯葡萄柚、枸橼、费米耐劳柠檬和墨西哥来檬)为材料,用362对SSR引物进行PCR扩增,扩增产物经4%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,初步筛选出80对种间多态性高、扩增稳定的SSR引物;进一步从8个种类里选择不同类型的64个柑橘品种,用上述筛选出的80对SSR引物进行PCR扩增,扩增产物经6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,再筛选出60对品种类型间多态性高、扩增稳定、条带清晰的SSR引物,并分别进行荧光标记;另以168份柑橘品种为材料对上述60对SSR引物进行PCR扩增,经荧光毛细管电泳检测,依据各引物的PIC值、等位基因数目、峰图读取难易程度、扩增稳定性及染色体位置等,最终筛选出21对SSR引物作为指纹图谱库构建的核心引物。为消除不同仪器、不同试验批次等引起的误差,为21对SSR引物各主要等位变异选择相应的参照品种。根据各引物标记的荧光颜色及扩增片段大小进行合理组合,21对SSR引物可分成5组进行多重电泳,共采集500份柑橘品种的DNA指纹。利用SSR标记,有111份品种仅用1对引物即可鉴别,86份品种用2对引物组合即可鉴别,24份品种用3对引物组合即可鉴别,另外279份品种虽无法单独一一鉴别,但可分为87个小组,组内品种无法区分,组间品种易鉴别。【结论】利用筛选出的21对SSR核心引物,构建了包含500份柑橘品种的DNA指纹图谱库,筛选出部分品种的特异标记,可以鉴别221份柑橘品种和87个品种组合,构建了基于毛细管电泳平台的柑橘SSR分子标记品种鉴定体系。     

雏鸡冷应激前后血清中差异蛋白质组学研究

本试验旨在比较分析雏鸡冷应激前后血清中蛋白质的表达差异,并对重点差异蛋白质进行鉴定。将30只雏鸡随机分为3组,分别为冷应激组、冷适应组和常温对照组,收集各组雏鸡的血液制备血清后进行双向凝胶电泳(2-DE),以获得血清蛋白质表达的2-DE图谱,对2-DE图谱进行差异分析(利用PDQuest 8.0软件),随后采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术对差异表达蛋白质进行鉴定,并利用蛋白质印迹(Western blot)方法进行验证。结果显示:通过2-DE对常温对照组、冷应激组和冷适应组雏鸡血清进行分析,得到了比较完整的差异蛋白质数据,共找到差异蛋白质点23个。采用MALDI-TOF-MS技术分析其中几个重复性好且较为明显的蛋白质点,成功鉴定出4个差异蛋白质,其中2个为果糖二磷酸醛缩酶C(ALDOC),是参与葡萄糖、能量代谢通路供能的相关蛋白;随后,对差异蛋白质ALDOC进行Western blot验证,所得结果与2-DE的结果相一致。结果表明,雏鸡冷应激前后血清中蛋白质的表达具有明显的差异,这些蛋白质的表达差异可能与冷应激有关。     

白菜型冬油菜‘陇油7号’叶片响应低温胁迫的差异蛋白鉴定与分析

为了从蛋白质组学的角度探讨超强抗寒品种白菜型冬油菜‘陇油7号’的抗寒机理,本研究采用TCA(三氯乙酸)-丙酮沉淀法,提取低温胁迫(4℃,7 d)前后的叶片总蛋白,对蛋白提取方法、IPG(固定pH梯度)胶条种类等环节进行了优化,运用双向电泳和质谱分析技术,鉴定了低温胁迫下‘陇油7号’5叶期叶片总蛋白质组分的表达差异模式。结果表明:改进后的蛋白质提取液(含DTT,二硫苏糖醇)和PVPP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)得到的蛋白质平均浓度较改进前高3.42μg·μL-1,除盐时间较改进前短1.14 h;同时,含蛋白酶抑制剂苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)的蛋白提取液获得的蛋白质种类丰富,凝胶图谱中可检测到661个蛋白点,较改进前可测蛋白点数(587)提高11.2。采用17 cm p H 4~7的IPG胶条的电泳能更好地分离蛋白,得到重复性好、分辨率高的蛋白质组图谱。利用PDQuest 8.0软件分析比较了超强抗寒品种‘陇油7号’低温胁迫前后的蛋白组表达谱,发现低温胁迫前后共有15个质变的蛋白质点,推测这些差异蛋白点可能与低温胁迫的响应有关。进一步对质变的蛋白质点进行了质谱分析,鉴定出11个与低温胁迫相关的蛋白质点,这些蛋白包括光合作用相关的蛋白、糖代谢相关的蛋白、物质运输相关的蛋白和逆境响应相关的蛋白。而且,低温胁迫处理前后,‘陇油7号’叶片蛋白质的表达水平存在明显差异,这些差异蛋白可能在冬油菜抗寒响应中发挥重要作用。